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Tax audits

The Ten Commandments of an IRS audit

ByJim Buttonow
April 9, 2019 11:43 AM

Behold, the IRS audit. They are rare these days. Only one out of every 184 taxpayers experienced one in 2017, and fewer than a quarter of them are conducted in person by the agency.

For many, navigating an audit looks as simple as parting the Red Sea. Fortunately, most are done by mail and are much less intrusive than the dreaded in-person audit where the taxpayer meets with the IRS at their office (called an office or desk audit) or at the taxpayer’s home or place of business (called a field audit).

Nine out of 10 audits end in a change to the tax return. In mail audits, the additional amount owed averages around $6,790. For face-to-face audits, the cost is much higher — taxpayers owe an additional $77,309 on average. Mail audits are fairly simple — taxpayers simply need to respond in a timely manner, in writing, to prove a few line items on their return. For office and field audits, or if the taxpayer is disputing the IRS determination in an audit, they should ask a professional to intervene.

In the meantime, for the chosen few who must deal with an IRS audit, there are some do’s and don’ts to follow — the Ten Commandments in handling an IRS audit.

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Online tax filing - federal 1040 form with computer keyboard and calculator
Pranay Koka/pkstock - Fotolia

Thou shall not ignore thy auditor

Ignoring an audit will not make it go away. In fact, it will do the opposite — the IRS will just proceed and assess additional tax on the areas that they want to review. In face-to-face audits, the IRS may ask third parties for information about the taxpayer, such as a bank to get information about the income the taxpayer receives or, if they are a small business, a vendor that supplies them with materials for the business. When the IRS requests information from a third party, they are usually trying to determine if the taxpayer is hiding income.

Thou shall not bear false witness to the IRS auditor

Never, never lie to the IRS. Lying to a federal agent is a crime. The taxpayer should present their facts to the IRS and their tax return position. If a taxpayer feels under siege, it is a sure sign they need to hire a tax professional.

Contest thy wrath

The IRS auditor does not have the final say. If there’s a disagreement on the facts or the application of the tax law, the taxpayer should exercise their right to appeal through the IRS Office of Appeals. A few months after the audit concludes, they will have the chance to present their case to an independent person at the IRS, called an Appeals officer, and receive a second opinion. If they don’t agree with the Appeals officer, they can take their tax dispute to court.
U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 1040 Individual Income Tax forms for the 2016 tax year are arranged for a photograph in Tiskilwa, Illinois, U.S., on Monday, Dec. 18, 2017. This week marks the last leg of Republicans' push to revamp the U.S. tax code, with both the House and Senate planning to vote by Wednesday on final legislation before sending it to President Donald Trump. Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg
A pile of 1040 individual income tax forms
Daniel Acker/Bloomberg

Thou shall file all thy past-due tax returns without haste

For taxpayers who are being audited, the IRS will assure that those taxpayers have filed all required returns. It is always better to start off the process by filing all required returns. The IRS will review, at a minimum, the past six years of filing history. If the taxpayer hasn't yet filed, the IRS auditor can file for them — called a substitute for return — and include no deductions, credits or dependents.
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Thou shall come prepared to thy audit

Taxpayers should be prepared for auditor skepticism and a long process. For office and field audits, it is best to do a mock audit and know that income is properly reported and the auditor’s selected areas are properly reported. If the taxpayer cannot advocate for their tax return position from the start of the audit, they may get many more questions and requests for information from the auditor. The audit may even expand into other years because the auditor is suspicious that there is a problem.

Thou shall elevate issues to thy auditor’s manager

Audits should not feel like wandering the desert for 40 years. If the taxpayer doesn’t like how the audit is progressing, they should ask to speak to the auditor’s manager. In fact, they should always get the auditor’s and their manager’s contact information at the beginning in case they need to contact them. At any point that there’s a disagreement with the auditor, the manager is the first line of appeal. For example, if the auditor believes penalties apply, the taxpayer can ask the manager to hear their side of the case and intervene on their behalf. Few taxpayers take advantage of the opportunity to speak with a manager. As a result, they do not get a second opinion or intervention that could speed up the audit and get better results.
IRS headquarters in Washington, D.C.
IRS headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Natalia Bratslavsky/Adobe

‘So let it be written, so let it be done’

This is not a commandment, but in the 1956 movie “The Ten Commandments,” the pharaoh makes this proclamation repeatedly. The rule in an audit is to get all requests for information in writing. Why? Auditors can become confused about the facts of the case if the taxpayer does not have a clear audit trail. Unclear facts lead to long audits. Take the lead in the audit, demand requests for information in writing and reply in writing. It will eliminate confusion and focus the audit on the issues in hand. Also, it will leave a written record of the facts that will be needed if the taxpayer wants to appeal the findings of the case.
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Calendar with a red box around Tax Day, April 15th
Casey E Martin/Casey E Martin - Fotolia

Remember and obey thy deadlines

There are many deadlines in an audit — the audit appointment, deadlines to provide information, deadline to respond to the initial audit report, deadline to petition IRS appeals, and a deadline to petition the tax court — among others. When the taxpayer misses early deadlines in an audit, they put the auditor in a tight place. It is OK to delay one or maybe two meetings, but many missed deadlines and incomplete information means that the auditor will proceed to the next step: proposing adjustments to tax based on the taxpayer not meeting their burden of proof.

It is important to know that auditors have deadlines too. For face-to-face audits, a good rule of thumb is for the auditor to finish within one year. An open audit or an audit that is within a year of the statute of limitations expiring (three years from the due date of the return, or filing date, whichever is later) can mean trouble. Auditors and their managers like to close cases within two years after the filing of a return.

Contest thy penalties

Too often, taxpayers do not argue whether penalties apply. IRS auditors have been criticized for arbitrarily assessing penalties — namely the 20% accuracy penalty for negligence. Taxpayers should closely examine the facts and prepare to argue that penalties do not apply. They should also be prepared to explain the circumstances and prove to the IRS that they made a reasonable attempt to comply with the tax law, but were not able to because of unforeseen circumstances. For example, if they used a tax pro to file and their tax return position is being contested in the audit, they should highlight their reliance on the tax pro’s advice. In any event, they shouldn’t just concede — they should access the auditor’s manager and the IRS office of appeals if they need a second and third opinion.
IRS headquarters
The Internal Revenue Service building in Washington, D.C.
Bloomberg via Getty Images

When in doubt, seek a higher authority

Face-to-face audits require that the taxpayer speak the language of the IRS. They must know how to navigate the audit, their rights as a taxpayer and how to advocate their tax return position. Unless they have experience and knowledge in handling an audit, they should seek the advice of a tax professional.

Professional representation in complex business audits can cost thousands of dollars. However, for most office audits, the tax pro will spend about two or three days in total in preparing for the audit, meeting with the IRS, and finalizing all matters of the audit. If the audit gets into multiple years, the time will increase. Tax pros should be able to offer a reasonable range of fees to expect before the taxpayer engages their assistance.
Jim Buttonow
Tax audits Tax returns Tax planning IRS
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