A financial advisor's guide to crypto terminology

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Bloomberg Creative Photos/Bloomberg

Over the past decade, cryptocurrencies have grown massively in popularity, leading to today's market of over 20,000 types of cryptocurrency and hundreds of exchanges to trade them on. 

Crypto is incredibly volatile, however, creating questions in wealth management about the appropriateness of including it in client portfolios, especially for those tied to a fiduciary responsibility. Bitcoin saw prices skyrocket only to come crashing down, while other currencies crater and disappear. Still, crypto evangelists point to the many benefits of a decentralized currency, and Bitcoin's staying power means that financial advisors cannot ignore it.

While many similarities exist with other forms of currency and assets, much like a baseball fan watching a cricket match, it becomes clear that there are significant differences in terminology. We'e developed a guide to that terminology, which we will update as new ideas enter the space.

Bitcoin

Created in 2009, Bitcoin is the first cryptocurrency and has long been the leader in market value. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group under the name Satoshi Nakamoto as a decentralized digital currency.

Blockchain

Cryptocurrencies rely on blockchain technology to function. A blockchain is a decentralized record of transactions across a peer-to-peer network, collecting information in groups called 'blocks' that allow people to confirm transactions without a central monetary authority. When someone requests a crypto transaction, it is broadcast to a network of computers, which verifies the transaction and then adds it to a new block of data on the permanent blockchain record. The first widespread application of blockchain came about with the creation of Bitcoin in 2009. 

Coins vs tokens

Crypto coins are built on their own blockchains and are intended to function as digital forms of currency by storing value and acting as means of exchange between two parties. Tokens, on the other hand, are units of value that are built on existing blockchains and serve as programmable assets that can represent units of value, like money, coins or art. 

Cold vs hot storage

Crypto can either be stored in a 'hot' wallet or a 'cold' wallet. Hot wallets are connected to the internet, making them more convenient than cold wallets since they are always online. However, they are also vulnerable to online hacking or attacks. Cold wallets, which include hardware wallets and paper wallets, are not connected to the internet, making them more secure. Many crypto investors choose a combination of hot and cold wallets to store portions of their crypto.

Cryptocurrency

A cryptocurrency (or 'crypto') is a digital or virtual currency that can be bought, sold or traded without a central monetary authority. Some of the most well known cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum and Solana. 

Crypto exchanges

Crypto exchanges are platforms to buy, sell and trade cryptocurrency. Some of the best known crypto exchanges include Coinbase, Binance and Crypto.com. 

Custodians

Crypto holders can either become their own custodians ('self-custody') with storage solutions like keeping private keys offline, on paper or on a hard disk, or choose a third-party custodian to secure their private keys ('third-party custody'). These third-party custodians can be hired to look after crypto by guarding private keys. 

DeFi

Decentralized finance, or 'DeFi,' makes use of cryptocurrency and blockchain tech to manage financial transactions by replacing centralized financial institutions with peer-to-peer payments that do not require third parties. Unlike conventional banking, lending and trading, which is managed by centralized systems like banks or brokerages, DeFi aims to allow everyday individuals to take control of these financial processes through peer-to-peer exchanges. 

Mining

Mining is the process through which some cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are created. Mining requires complex computing power to generate and release new coins into circulation, and also validates new transactions. 

NFTs

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are cryptographic assets that use the same blockchain technology as crypto and can represent real-world, physical assets like artwork or real estate. However, NFTs are not cryptocurrencies because they can't be traded or exchanged at equivalency, as every NFT is unique. 

Public vs private key

Public and private keys allow users to send and receive crypto without a third party. Sharing your public key, like a bank routing and account number for direct deposit, allows you to receive crypto transactions to your crypto wallet. On the other hand, your private key should be kept secret and secure because it proves that you own the funds in your crypto wallet and allows you to spend them. Since private keys are very long numerical codes, many wallets will use seed phrases (or recovery phrases) to allow users to unlock them instead. 

Seed/Recovery phrase

A seed, or recovery, phrase is a series of words generated by your crypto wallet that gives you access to it. Like your private key, you should also keep your recovery phrase secure and private, since anyone with your private key or recovery phrase can access your crypto wallet.
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