The late Jack Bogle — father of the first index fund — famously loathed its exchange-traded offspring, warning that they only incentivize speculative trading among "fruitcakes, nut cases and lunatic fringe." Fast forward to 2024, and critics warn a new generation of ETFs are designed to do exactly that.
Enter the high-octane arena of leveraged single-stock funds, which use derivatives to amplify returns on an individual company.
Naysayers argue that the funds encourage day trading at the risk of fierce underperformance if held for longer than just a couple days. It takes under three days for the $4.8 billion GraniteShares 2x Long NVDA Daily ETF (ticker NVDL) — the largest single-stock fund — to see all of its shares to change hands, Bloomberg Intelligence data show.
Advocates say these ETFs are meeting a demand in the investment world among a group of highly engaged retail traders. U.S.-listed single-stock funds now command about $13.4 billion after the first set sail two years ago, according to Bloomberg Intelligence data.
READ MORE:
The debate highlights a shift unfolding in the nearly $10 trillion U.S. ETF market. The structure was born in 1993 as a passive, index-tracking vehicle — a reputation that still endures today, even as record sums of cash are funneled into actively managed ETFs. Yet, the reality is that the industry is increasingly pumping out products meant to satisfy the most speculative fantasies of retail and institutional traders alike.
"For people stuck in the 1990's and the 2000's, when ETFs were all about tracking an index fund, this stuff bums them out, but it's an evolution of the technology," said Eric Balchunas, Bloomberg Intelligence senior ETF analyst and the author of The Bogle Effect. "Bogle didn't like that ETFs tempted you to trade and he didn't like the mutations and marketing. A leveraged, single-stock ETF has both of those in spades."
The funds offer amped-up exposure only to a stock's one-day return, given that the daily rebalance of the options book erodes returns over time. The Europe-listed $11 million GraniteShares 3x Long MicroStrategy Daily ETP (LMI3) is the ultimate example. Although MicroStrategy itself is higher by more than 100% this year, LMI3 has dropped nearly 82% — despite offering leveraged long exposure to the stock. That trend holds on a one-, three- and six-month basis as well.
Napkin math suggests that traders are following instructions. For example, the $1.5 billion Direxion Daily TSLA Bull 2X Shares fund (TSLL) has an average trading volume of nearly $303 million. Dividing that sum by the fund's average market capitalization of about $1.1 billion produces a turnover rate of 28.2%, meaning it takes about 3.5 days to completely flip its portfolio. That compares to about 185 days for the $503 billion Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO), which is popular among buy-and-hold investors.
Such figures can be viewed as a very rough proxy for a fund's average holding period, according to Bloomberg Intelligence. While the frenzied turnover rate can be viewed as good news because that means the ETFs are being used as intended, there's likely a cohort of less sophisticated traders getting smoked, said Ben Johnson of Morningstar.
"Inevitably, there are going to be unsuspecting victims of these products, for whatever reason — there aren't adequate guardrails in place to prevent them from using them without adequate knowledge of how to," said Johnson, the firm's head of client solutions.
'Worst nightmare'
Single-stock ETFs launched into controversy in July 2022. While industry rule changes in 2019 and 2020 paved the way for such products to be listed, regulators were quick to deride them. SEC Chair Gary Gensler said the ETFs "present particular risk" just days before the first began trading. Commissioner Caroline Crenshaw went a step further, cautioning investment advisors about recommending these products to retail traders.
The consternation surrounding single-stock ETFs was reignited earlier this month with the launch of the Defiance Daily Target 1.75X Long MSTR ETF (MSTX), which seeks to provide daily leveraged returns on MicroStrategy. Given that the stock itself already boasts a 90-day volatility of about 97%, the new offering likely ranks as the most volatile U.S.-listed fund on the market.
"MSTX is probably even worse than Jack Bogle's worst nightmare," Johnson said. "Bogle could not have comprehended that."
To GraniteShares chief executive Will Rhind, such criticisms amount to little more than patronizing pearl-clutching. Rhind, who launched European single-stock ETFs in 2019 before venturing stateside, says that the rise of the self-directed trader is a "super-macro investing trend."
"We're trying to create products for that community, and that is a very different community from what a lot of the traditional asset-management industry focuses on," Rhind said.
Although cheaper than other means of accessing similar degrees of leverage, single-stock ETFs are noticeably more expensive than the rock-bottom fees that have come to define the industry.
For example, NVDL charges 1.15% annually, compared to the average expense ratio of around 0.7% for U.S.-listed, actively managed equity ETFs. Since these ETFs are being held anywhere from a couple hours to a couple days, most investors in the fund likely aren't forking over the entire 1.15% fee, Bloomberg Intelligence's Balchunas said.
Although there's concern that such funds push individuals to day trade at the expense of investing, the optimistic take is that they scratch the itch before it spreads, he said.
"There is an argument to make that these single-stock leveraged ETFs are a byproduct of the core of the portfolio getting a bit boring, and people are looking for a little action," Balchunas said. "If it keeps their hands off the core, it could serve a purpose, in a behavioral way."
