Willis is 79 and retired. Like millions of other older Americans, he owns an investment portfolio that includes a bank savings account and certificates of deposit, for which returns have withered since the Federal Reserve cut rates to near zero in 2008. Willis, who lives in Alexandria, Virginia, has already taken advantage of one of the biggest benefits of easy money by refinancing.
“We aren’t getting as much interest,” he said, while out strolling in Alexandria’s historic Old Town shopping district. “At this stage, I’m not going to refinance anything else.”
After years of enduring meager returns on low-risk investments, retirees can look forward to more money in their pockets after the Fed starts raising interest rates, though the benefits won’t flow swiftly. The Fed, which has drawn political ire for policies that critics say penalized savers, says it expects to only raise rates gradually.
Fed Chair Janet Yellen and other officials have acknowledged that the easy monetary stance has costsavers who keep their money in low-risk investments such as CDs and money market funds, while countering that it’s also allowed economic healing that’s benefited everyone.
Still, when the Fed raises rates -- a move about half of economists expect this month -- it could begin to diffuse an issue that has made the central bank an easy target for critics in Congress, while providing welcome relief.
'VERY HARD'
“It has been very hard on retirees, because it is impossible to get any income out of safe assets,” said Alicia Munnell, director of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College and a former BostonFed researcher. “There’s no argument for moving very far, very fast on a policy ground, so I think people are going to be disappointed on the money-using side with how little rates increase once theFed starts moving.”
Fed policy makers cut the benchmark federal funds rate to near zero in December 2008 to prop up the economy in the face of the worst recession since the Great Depression. Now, as the U.S. job market heals and moderate growth persists, they are considering lifting rates above that emergency level. About half of economists in a Bloomberg Survey expect an initial quarter percentage point raterise at the Sept. 16-17 Federal Open Market Committee meeting.
Theoretically, that move should be a boon to seniors. Households headed by someone older than 75 lost out on about $2,700 of income annually because of lower interest rates, based on a McKinsey Global Institute analysis from 2013. The study compared 2012 rates to 2007 rates while holding constant assets, which included pension plans and life insurance. By contrast, households between the ages of 35 and 44 are net debtors, and had $1,700 more to spend each year because of the Fed’s zero- rate policy.
“Many retirees -- and I hear from some almost every day -- are really suffering from low rates that they had anticipated would bolster their retirement income,” Yellen said in a June 17 press conference. “Obviously there are benefits from a strong economy to every household in the economy, includingsavers, from having a better job market and a more secure economy. But, yes, when the time comes for us to raise rates, I think there will be some benefits that flow through to savers.”
SLOW AND LOW
Those benefits will probably not flow quickly. The Fed expects tightening to be gradual to avoid derailing the economic expansion, and it doesn’t expect to lift rates back to 2007 levels. Officials in June projected that the fed funds rate will go only as high as 3.75% in the longer run, compared with the 5.25% level that it hovered at eight years ago.
“You’d have to see a pretty substantial rate increase over a period of time before banks are going to be increasing rates on CDs and money markets,” said George Padula, a wealth manager at Modera Wealth Management in Boston. “They’ve been squeezed on the net interest margins for so long that they’re going to let their interest rates go up on their lending before they increase their rates on deposits.”
BANK COMPETITION
The first increase is expected to be just 25 basis points. For money market funds, very little of that will be passed along, said Brian Rehling, co-head of Global Fixed Income Strategy at Wells Fargo Investment Institute based in St. Louis. He estimates rates may need to be raised to 0.75% or 1% before most of the increase passes through. For savings accounts, the effects will probably vary based on competition between banks.
“Twenty-five basis points isn’t going to move the needle for a lot of those clients,” Rehling said.
While the Fed’s efforts to stimulate the economy drove stock prices to record highs this year, many clients in their 70s and 80s have kept to their pensions paired with CDs or money-market accounts, said Evan Beach, a wealth manager in Alexandria, Virginia.
“Everyone has a story -- everyone is like ‘I remember, when I first started buying these CDs, they were at 8%, and now they’re 75 basis points,” he said. “In order to make money, you have to take on risk that these people just aren’t used to taking on.”
Politicians who want the Fed to raise rates have taken up the cause of those savers stuck with low returns.
“Zero. That’s what they earn on their savings, year after year,” said Pennsylvania Senator Pat Toomey, a Republican, when Yellen testified before the Senate Banking Committee in February. “I would just suggest that the crisis is clearly long over. I think the time for normalization is well overdue. I hope we get there soon.”
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